Visiting Topkapi Palace in Istanbul is a journey into the lives and accomplishments of the Ottoman royal dynasty. As the oldest building of its style, the palace offers truly fascinating sights and captivating stories of ancient times in this famous global metropolis. Istanbul tourists enter through the famous Salutation Gate entrance, marked by the spectacular Sultan Ahmet III fountain, initially only used by Sultans or imperial officials on important business.
Once inside, the Topkapi Palace Museum consists of several courtyards, the main building, and several smaller surrounding buildings. These smaller buildings had their uses, from the imperial harem, where female family members resided, to council buildings for discussing important imperial agendas. But there is much more to the complex, so in this guide, we explore the rich history of Topkapi Palace, giving insight into what makes it a place of reverence for everyone.
About Topkapi Palace in Istanbul
When Mehmet II defeated the classical Byzantine Empire's capital, Constantinople, in 1453, the Ottomans became the most powerful empire. Fast-forward to 1460, and Mehmet constructed a new imperial palace, Topkapi. Construction took 18 years to complete—by 1478, Mehmet moved in and lived here until his death three years later.
After Mehmet II's death, Topkapi Palace was the imperial royal home to each successor for more than three centuries. Sultans carried out administrative and state business in the Imperial Council building, which made Topkapi Palace the Ottoman kingdom's epicentre.
A 1509 earthquake and fire in 1665 evoked extensive renovations, but, over time, other areas within Istanbul became much more appealing, particularly along the Bosphorus shoreline. But Sultan Abdulmejid, I moved from Topkapi to Dolmabahce Palace in the 19th century. Without the Royal status, Topkapi fell into disrepair.
When Ottoman rule ended fifty years later, the imperial Topkapi Palace regained regal importance. In 1924, following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, Topkapi transformed into a museum and today testifies to the grandeur of the Ottoman Empire.
The Ottoman Empire Legacy
The Ottoman Empire, founded in the late 13th century, lasted over six centuries until its dissolution in 1922 after World War I. At its height, the empire controlled vast territories across Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, making it a political and cultural force. For most of their rule, the heart of the empire was Constantinople, where they lived at Topkapi before moving to Dolmabahce in the late 19th century.
Foundational Era (1453-1465): In 1453, Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (now Istanbul), marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. The construction of Topkapi commenced in 1459, marking the beginning of the imperial residence.
Early Modifications and Expansions (1509-1529): Topkapi underwent massive renovations after suffering damage from an earthquake in 1509. These renovations set the stage for further expansions. Under Sultan Suleyman I, known as Suleyman the Magnificent, the grandeur was enhanced with the Second Gate in 1529.
Baroque Influences and Renovations (1665-1853): The 15th-century building faced another crisis when a devastating fire prompted extensive renovations. Over the years, the architectural style evolved, incorporating Baroque influences during the 18th and 19th centuries.
19th Century: In 1853, Topkapi ceased functioning as a royal residence. Instead, it accommodated high-ranking military officials. In 1924, following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, Topkapi underwent a transformative shift into a museum.
Classical Palace Architecture
Today's layout mainly dates from the 16th century and consists of four central courtyards, each serving different functions throughout history. Secret passageways were also present, although these are not open. Visitors can also find beautiful gardens, fountains, and ornate architecture throughout the complex, reflecting the grandeur.
First Courtyard: This enormous courtyard and entrance area transitions from the outside world to the inner sanctum. The Imperial Gate marks the entrance to this courtyard, which includes gardens and walking paths.
Second Courtyard: This more restricted area contained administrative buildings including the Imperial Treasury, which today houses precious artifacts, the council chambers, where the Sultan met advisors, and the palace kitchens.
Third Courtyard: This courtyard has more private sections, including the Sultan's private rooms and the audience hall. It features the famous Harem and the religious relics room, which houses invaluable Islamic artifacts, including the revered Cloak of Prophet Muhammad.
Fourth Courtyard: The most private section contains the Sultan's quarters and gardens. It offers stunning Bosphorus views and is serene, contrasting with the bustling courtyards below. The Pavilion of the Holy Mantle is here.
Grand Treasury Museum & Sultan's Private Residence
Sultans kept their spiritual, historical, and valuable possessions in the treasury, a large building next to the council state-building. Some Ottoman items are still on show today, along with vast weapons exhibitions. After entering the third courtyard, head to the Ottoman Sultan's private residence. Sultans spent their time here, and nobody entered without an imperial invitation. This building incorporates the throne room, university, archives, and antique personal belongings. Huge ceremonies took place here, mainly when foreign ambassadors visited. Unique collections of original clothing and Ottoman carpets are on the right.
Emerald Room and Treasury
The second hall houses the Emerald room and spectacular jewellery collections. This reception room with cellars below acted as a treasury during Ottoman times. Only Sultans entered this building alone. Previous Ottoman items, including the Topkapi Dagger, a museum symbol, are on show today. Encrusted with emeralds and displayed with other stunning pieces like the Pigot diamond, the dagger perfectly sums up Ottoman rule and Istanbul. One room that receives much attention is the sacred relics room. Items behind glass cases include the sword and staff of the prophet Muhammad. It is a highly respected exhibit, so maintain silence while in the room.
The Audience Chamber in a Beautiful Setting
Also called the Chamber of Petitions, this structure is behind the Gate of Felicity in the 3rd garden. This 15th-century building is notable for its beautiful decoration, featuring blue, turquoise, and white tiles and precious carpets and pillows, but most refurbishment happened in the 18th century. The throne, adorned with a baldachin decorated with several pieces of brocade, features inlaid plaques made of pearls, emeralds, and rubies. This chamber served a crucial ceremonial function, where the Sultan received visitors and conducted state business. Additionally, behind the Audience Chamber is the Dormitory of the Expeditionary Force, which houses the Imperial Wardrobe Collection, highlighting more than 2,500 garments, including the kaftans worn by the Sultans.
The Chinese Porcelain Palace Collection
The Chinese porcelain collection is a stunning showcase of royal and extravagant European porcelain and glassware. This collection is prominent within the museum and features many items, including plates, pitcher sets, basin sets, candy bowls, sherbet glasses, coffee cups and holders, carafes, chandeliers, and candelabras. The collection's artistic quality and historical significance include exquisite Bohemian glass and crystalware pieces.
The Harem: Insights into royal life
The Harem, which translates to "forbidden place," was the private residence of the Sultan’s wives and concubines. Unrelated males, except for castrated eunuchs, couldn’t enter this strictly regulated area. Most rooms date from the rule of Murat III, and most Ottoman princes lived in the harem from the 17th century.
Only certain harem areas are open to visitors, but the beautiful mosaic designs and architecture amaze everyone. Slave girls came here from other different places throughout their empire, and they received training to please the sultan. This included education in arts, food, music, and languages. The royal Valide Sultan presided over the harem and ensured order and daily rule.
The Harem reflects styles prominent from the 16th to the 19th centuries, with beautiful courtyards, decorated rooms, and architectural elements like Moorish arches and Iznik tile mosaics. To learn more about the harem, investigate the life of Hürrem Sultan, also called Roxelana. She was a prominent figure and the wife of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Initially a concubine, the sultan fell in love with her, and her influence was enormous. She played a crucial role in political affairs, contributing to her reputation as a powerful Ottoman woman.
The Hagia Irene
The 4th century Hagia Irene Church, or Aya İrini, within the First Courtyard, served as a church before being repurposed by the Ottomans after they conquered Constantinople. It became an armoury and storage facility, featuring a striking Byzantine architectural style, characterised by the large dome and extensive columns and arches, during the Ottoman period. Explore the church's interior, which has beautiful mosaics showcasing historical significance.
The Iftar Kiosk
The İftar Kiosk (İftariye Köşkü) is on the upper terrace, offering a stunning view of the Golden Horn. This kiosk features a distinctive ridged cradle vault with a gilded roof, marking a first in Ottoman architecture, with influences from Chinese and Indian styles. Historically, the Sultan would break his fast (iftar) in this pavilion during Ramadan, typically after sunset.
Main Entrance Gate
The main entrance, the Imperial Gate, sits behind the Hagia Sophia. This gate has ticket lines and leads into the First Courtyard, the beginning of lush gardens. A second entrance is near the Gulhane Tram Station. Remember that visiting the Harem requires a separate ticket. Pick up a map at the ticket office to navigate the vast grounds effectively. The Topkapi Museum operates daily between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m., except on Tuesdays.
Prominent Sultans of the Imperial Family
Topkapi served as the Ottoman sultans' residence and administrative headquarters for over 400 years, from 1465 to 1856. During that time, several sultans changed the architecture, with each reign bringing new additions, renovations, and alterations.
Fatih Mehmed II (The Conqueror) – 1453–1481: Fatih Sultan Mehmet II, who conquered Constantinople in 1453, commissioned the construction in 1459 as the primary residence and administrative centre. The palace was initially modest compared to the grand additions that followed in later centuries. Mehmed II set the basic layout with four courtyards and the Harem. The first essential elements added by Mehmed II included the Gate of Salutation (Bab-ı Selam) and the Imperial Hall (throne room).
Suleiman the Magnificent – 1520–1566: The royal Treasury enhanced the palace by incorporating luxurious tiles, marble, and precious jewels into royal chambers and courtyards. Suleiman also focused on improving security and reinforcing the walls and gates.
Murad III, 1574 to 1595: Murad III transformed the beautiful gardens and decorated the harem. New artwork, calligraphy, and ceramics contributed to the rich artistic heritage and enhanced the interior design of the main complex.
Ahmed I – 1603–1617: New courtyards and additional sections accommodated the increasing number of officials and servants. Decorative features like tiled panels and ceramic tiles in the rooms and courtyards gave a more vibrant and intricate appearance.
Mahmud I – 1730–1754: Sultan Mahmud I reflected the shift toward the Baroque and Rococo styles that were becoming popular in Europe. He added the Fountain of Mahmud I and initiated the renovation of the Harem, including structural reinforcements and aesthetic refinements.
Abdülmecid I – 1839–1861: Sultan Abdülmecid I is known for overseeing the Tanzimat reforms that modernised the Empire and sought to bring it to European standards. He introduced European-style furniture, changing the look and feel of many rooms, especially in the Harem and Imperial Apartments. The Selamlik for official meetings was modernised with new furniture and decoration reflecting European Rococo and Neoclassical styles.
Abdülaziz – 1861–1876: Sultan Abdülaziz, a reformist, added crystal chandeliers and Western-style decorative elements, highlighting the growing influence of European culture. The overall structure reflected a shift from traditional Ottoman styles to European influences.
Also Visit
The Basilica Cistern: Before the Ottoman royal family came along, Constantinople was home to the Byzantine empire, and its palace stood on top of the Basilica cistern, which served as its water supply. Also known as the Yerebatan, there is no other building quite like this, not just because it is underground. Descending those stairs, the quiet ambience, majestic columns and fish swimming through the waters seem surreal compared to the busy city streets above.
Dolmabahce Palace: This majestic building highlights the Ottoman Empire's final days. Its size, intricate interior decor, and sprawling garden landscapes reflect Turkey's turbulent history, alongside the nearby clock and mosque that share the name. Words can hardly do justice to its Bosphorus beauty and splendour within. After visiting Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, this place is the perfect follow-up.
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